GUITAR PICKUPS More Than You Ever Wanted to Know About Guitar Pickups |
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So, guitar pickups are those little rectangle-ish blocks that sit under the strings after the end of the neck and just before the bridge. You can have - typically - up to three of them on most modern electric guitars (some vintage examples can have as many as 4 or 5....or if you are Steve Morse or have his EBMM Signature Model). Anyway, We're going to go over everything.
What constitutes a Pickup Guitar pickups, in a classic sense, are just a magnet, or something magnetized, with thousands and thousands of winds of hair-thin magnet wire around it - and each end of that "coil" of wire is wired to the ground and the hot lead for the pickup selector or volume pot inside the guitar. That's basically it. These types of pickups that consist of just one coil of wire, and whatever magnety-thing they decide to use (snake oil or not), are known as "Single Coils". In 1957, a man by the name of Seth Lover was working for Gibson, and decided to come up with a "Double coil" pickup with the coils wired in series (ground lead from the first coil into the second), and sharing a single magnet - resulting in the cancellation of certain frequencies - in particular, 60Hz noise from high powered electrical stuff, such as those found in an old school recording studio, or a TV broadcast station. Such "Hum" as it's called, being "Bucked" (eliminated) from the signal - and hencefourth - we have the now world famouse "Humbucker Pickup". Lots of variations of these two designs have been used over the decades. Rickenbacker, who were the first, had Horseshoe magnet pickups in some of their guitars and basses all the way into the 1960's. Gretch had Filtertron humbuckers and HiLoTron single coils. Guild had their own single coil and humbucker designs. Fender had the Tele-neck/Strat style design, Tele-bridge style design, Jazzmaster, Jaguar, split-pickup design used on the P-Bass and electric XII, and their CuNiFe (Cobalt, Nickel, Ferrite) humbuckers found in their 1970's guitars like the Tele Deluxe, Custom, and the Starcaster. The 1970's is when standardized CONSTRUCTION started to be a thing. Basically - the standard designs - the ones where I start calling the Stratocaster the "IBM PC of Electric Guitars" - started at that time. You had Seymour Duncan hopping up pickups for rich rock stars like Keith Richards, Jeff Beck, and Billy Gibbons. You had Larry DiMarzio who had some of the first high-visibility commercial 3rd party guitar pickups such as the Super II, Super Distortion, and PAF humbuckers, and later the single-sized "Hot Rail" that fits in a regular Stratocaster pickup route but sounds rather close to a full sized humbucker. You had Mighty Mite which seemed to be the budget brand of the time - like GuitarFetish, Dragonfire, or those weird AliExpress/E-bay Chinese pickups - who had a whole myriad of different pickups, many used by early shredders like Edward Van-Halen, and George Lynch, where the whole tinkering with your guitar became a mainstream thing. So let's talk the STANDARD traditional styles of pickup a bit in the next section.Traditional Styles of Guitar Pickup (ie. The Most Widely Compatible Stuff) These styles of pickup became commonplace because of the popularity of the instrument(s) that they were initially attached to. We will start with the most common, and then go down to the least common. We also will list variants of the design next to it because a lot of less-as-traditional designs are similar to, or very close to these, and even compatible.
Why are some of these considered a "standard"? As we learned in the pages for the most popular guitars worldwide, there are two gold standards: the Fender Stratocaster, and the Gibson Les Paul in it's classic 1959-1961 variation known as the "59' Burst". These are the two most popular, and most copied guitars worldwide. So when the guitar parts aftermarket was just starting to pick up speed in the 1970's, it's little wonder that the Stratocaster's single coils, and the Les Paul's humbucker would become "standards" in the industry, to the point of being interchangeable even across brands after awhile. Because 90% of the guitars people were modding, were either Les Pauls or Stratocasters, with the seconds to those being the SG and Telecaster. Almost all aftermarket pickups most widely used are based on these designs: The Strat Single Coil, Tele Bridge, P-90, and the standard Humbucker designs. Other designs are a bit more "Specialized". But with those four designs, the most of which being the Strart single coil and full sized Humbuckers, are the most standard across the board (and the most widely used). The reason for this can only be told through some guitar-modding history to explain the how and the why.A Bit of history on the parts aftermarket Modding your own guitars became a "thing" in the 1970's. It kind of started as multiple people started making custom modifications for Rock Stars who already started doing some modding in the late 60's and early 70's. Prior to this, tampering with musical instruments in general was a HUGE no-no. Most people saw it as a "sacred" or "hallowed" thing only allowed for an elite handful of precision carpenters, electricians, and designers known as "Luthiers". One of the earliest notables of modding was Eric Clapton, who once went into a guitar shop, and bought three Stratocasters - which were still cheap at the time - and took the best parts of each and made best-match-composites of all three guitars - the results being "Brownie" and "Blackie" - Brownie was famous for recording the hit "Layla" while "Blackie" was famous for recording a lot of stuff that came afterward and becoming the basis for Eric Clapton's signature model released by Fender in 1987. Prior to this, Eric Clapton was known for removing the covers off his Gibson Les Paul's humbucker pickups to make them sound tighter and more focused - as the metal messed with the magnetic field and made the pickups a bit more "muddy" and "unfocused" to some. Jeff Beck wanted hotter pickups in his Les Paul and wanted a custom TElecaster with hot humbuckers in it, so he turned to a guy named Seymour Duncan to do the job - this was the literal birth of the now world famous and popular "Seymour Duncan Jeff Beck" or "JB" Humbucker. An extremely powerful, 16K Ohm, humbucker that sounds very thick, loud, but tight and punchy. It also was a part of Around the same time, Larry DiMarzio started making pickups for well known guitarist Carlos Santana - spawning his DiMarzio company. By the end of the 1970's, DiMarzio had become the "top darling" to the majority of newcoming guitar makers like Dean and B.C. Rich, and had become also the de-facto mods of the 1970's. A total tricked-out 1970's guitar would have lots of knobs, switches, a preamp, brass hardware, exotic "hippie sandwhich wood body", and DiMarzio pickups (usually a Super Distortion in the bridge, and a Super II or PAF in the neck) - usually open-coil and white. DiMarzio early on picked up a LOT of players on their roster and thusly were the first big name pickup manufacturer to take off from what I can see. A budget company known as "Mighty Mite" also came around at that time, selling less as expensive aftermarket pickups. One of their earliest users was none-other than Edward Van-Halen - to whom we can credit a LOT of guitar tinkering and modding to. I don't think there was ever a guy before or since, who has put so much on the map aftermarket wise and otherwise as Eddie. He also became a DiMarzio user for awhile, then went to Seymour Duncan, and then got his own company going through Fender - EVH Guitars - toward the end of his life. Mighty Mite also made custom pickguards, prewired assemblies, and a popular option seen on these kinds of builds were strats with individual toggle switches - those were likely Mighty Mite builds, I know the guitarist from STone Fury used such a setup at the time. The 1980's was when the entire industry started to expand modding-wise, but it was still mostly for people "in-the-know" - ie, guitarists with a finger on the technical, which was still not a very common thing in the eighties. These things, by the mainstream, were still largely seen as "sacred" makers of music, not as modifyable consumer items with scientific variables a skilled user could alter to their advantage. EMG started to offer their pickups aftermarket, spawning their own fans mostly in the metal market with guys like Glenn Tipton and KK Downing of Judas Priest and Zakk Wylde in Ozzy Osbourne's band using their products. Kids could find out about these parts, but we were still in the Boomer Fuddy Duddy music store age of the guitar store. It seems the market was focused on offering budget model guitars to kids and teenagers, so that they could aspire to their higher end offerings as they advanced as a player and gained more need for a more expensive, stable, and better sounding instrument. That's not to say that there were not underground, local band, 3rd party clients yet, there were, it's just it was not so widely known yet. Your average person off the street saw a Stratocaster as a Stratocaster and it'd stay a fully 100% original Stratocaster if you were someone with "sense". And it was not like every single teenager you knew was swapping parts around ala Eddie Van-Halen unless they were really really really into Van-Halen. Those guys doing this on a budget DIY Style in the late 70's early 80's - ie guys like Eddie, George Lynch, Sonic Youth, and Paul Dean, were really pioneers in a way. Even the guys in Bon Jovi were having their custom guitar work done by a professional (ie Kramer or Rod Shoepher) more often than not. Being a "tinker" on these things was not the mainstream yet at all. The 1990's was when this market started to go mainstream, and saw it expand to more esoteric stuff outside the old standards of Strat-type single coil sized form factor pickups, and Gibson-style Humbuckers. First off, we had four new "scenes" making a ruckus: A Surf Revival, a BLUES Revival, a new "Vintage Guitar Market" being spawned by both of them, and of course, grunge Rock. The Blues Revivalists, mostly consisting of guys like Stevie Ray Vaughn, Eric Clapton, and Bonnie Raitt - were keeping the old standards alive, but also seeking ways to get the old sounds out of new equipment with hopes to get the gold standards of tone. It really depended on who you talked to. The majority of the Blues Guys tended to create a "legacy market" focusing on legacy type pickups like Seymour Duncan's "Pure Vintage" series pickups, and all the other companies following suit. The middle-agers not into Blues started buying "Surf Guitars" - mostly Fender Jaguars, Jazzmasters, and Mosrites, and therefore, building a market for those guitars as well...but not as huge as the next one....were helping generate a small market for some of the more esoteric hardware, mostly Jaguar and Jazzmaster pickup replacements, and upgrade pickups periodically. Gen X and early Gen Y's new genre was "Grunge", and Grunge, aka Alternative, was a genre with a mixed mess of guitars that were once inexpensive in the 1980's. And at the forefront was Kurt Cobain, who was playing (and smashing) a whole variety of Jaguars, Mustangs, and copies of Mosrites all over the place - with Strats usually as the victims, mostly modified with standard parts, but with the help of guys like John Fruschante, Thurston Mooore, Lee Ranaldo, and J.Mascius using the more esoteric parts (Jazzmaster Pickups, Wide Range Humbuckers et. al) - it built a new market for these unusual, "non-standard" or "Specialty" subjects that was left somewhat unappeased for awhile as Gen X and Gen Y came of age to afford such a product at full retail value in the quality the companies thought they'd like. So while Seymour Duncan made some Jaguar and Jazzmaster upgrade pickups in the 90's, for the most part, anyone playing anything other than the venerable Stratocaster, Telecastor, or standard Gibson designs (Les Paul, SG, V, Explorer - mainly) - the focus was still mostly on 80's shredders, 90's blues lawyers, and 90's vintage guitar restorers. So a lot of mods to Offset-type instruments and other oddities as they were seen at the time, were to put pretty standard stuff in the guitars. This lead to a lot of oddball guitars with some pretty interesting modifications - ie screwing a humbucker into an open Jazzmaster pickup cavity that was a bit too big for it, putting Tune-O-Matics on Mustangs and having to shim the neck to get the right action, the invention of special devices such as the "Buzz Stop" to help keep the strings in the saddles. With the mainstreamization of the internet, this along with the less expensive manufacturing in Asia and abroad, help make the once very exclusive actitity of guitar mods on down to something as simple as a pickup swap, become a common, mainstream, normal thing like changing strings. The 2000's, bolstered by the popularity of rhytnm videogames like Guitar Hero and Rock Band, had another massive guitar boom, and with the help of YouTube (including myself), helped create a culture around electric guitar technology to the point that i's been widely normalized. Whereas in the 1970's you were special calling these guys to get custom pickups made, now all you had to do was get online, whip out your credit card, and you could have the same pickups as Herman Li or Synyster Gytes complete with tracking number in just a few days. By this time, companies like DiMarzio, Stew Mac, Seymour Duncan, Floyd Rose, Kahler, and the like, were now major mainstream companies with huge product lines and huge name prices. A typical humbucker from Seymour Duncan costs between $89.99 and $250.00 - and that's for just a bloody PICKUP! This kind of separated guitar into two camps: those who were doing all this modding for street cred and keeping up with the joneses, and those who were doing all this modding on their own tone quests. The former tended to want these big name, name brand products, the latter tended to want to find a cheaper alternative and rise to the challenge of working around their shortcomings to save money, not unlike Edward Van-Halen, George Lynch, and Paul Dean back the 70's were doing. This lead to a huge growth of Chinese and Korean import parts makers, a lot of them nameless and flooding e-bay with brand new parts at very very reasonable prices - ie Duncan JB Level output humbuckers for $16, $10 Strat trem systems at Guitar Center unde rthe "ProTone" brand, $50 Floyd Rose licensed kits under the same name, bodies and necks for under $50. Some names such as Overlord of Music, Dragonfire, Tommy's Custom Bodies and Necks, and others, either succeeded or died with their creations. Some of their creations were found on import copycat guitars even - including some illegitimate builds often referred to as "Chibsons" "Fender-benders" and "Chickenbakers" - which lead to a bit of a second "Lawsuit" phase as well. However, these Chinese/Korean makers mostly focused on the holy Strat/Tele/Les Paul Trinity, so finding standard strat, tele, and gibson style pickups now in the 21st century CAN be inexpensive and can be easy if you know what you're doing, and what you're NOT paying for (ie wax potting, proper spacers for the bobbins, proper series link, not knowing the wiring, etc). But I think an important thign to discuss also is how all this changed the VIEWPOINTS on pickups and modding in the 21st century. Soon we started to discover the brand name does not mean shit, leading to a lot of proponents supporting inexpensive guitar parts, some seemingly without any actual scrutiny or understanding of what they were getting into. But on the other hand, this lead to a lot of people wandering around like a billionaire influencer talking about how much better their shit is because some guy's name is on it. It also sparked debates on pickups vs. tonewood vs. speakers vs. mics vs. produced vs. in the raw - which has just made the world of guitar more divisive and ridiculous than ever. We even saw the entry of the truly "Scientific Guitarist" - one part Eddie Van-Halen, one part Neal Degrasse Tyson - out to prove to everyone that none of this shit matters at all because "science" - though half these guys don't have a solid experiment to back it up with. And hopefully, that sheds some light on the whole "Standard" thing with guitar pickups. That's not to say you can't put Jaguar pickups in your Warlock or slap a set of Goldfoils in a Les PAul (and even then, now these makers are making standard sized pickups that get the same sound without chopping up your guitar to do it - what time we live in as guitarists).PIckup Wiring - 2 conductor vs 3 conductor vs 4 conductor Well, first is 2 conductor - which consists of a hot lead (usually one wire inside of the insulation with it's own insulation), and a ground (usually just a braid or the sheild inside the insulation). Most single coils use this, and a lot of Gibson humbucking multi-coil products do this for a reason. Now, I know some of you are thinking "what the hell is a three conductor?" - well, it's a pickup wiring scheme used by EMG on their "Select" series humbuckers, and on some Peavey Products. Basically, they tie the Series Link together into one wire, rather than provide the Series Link as 2 individual wires (the end of one coil and the beginning of the other). In a way, it's like a "beginners" version of a "coil split" arrangement. I also use this on my own pickup mods where I'm modding 2 conductor Humbuckers to be coil split since it's easy to add one wire to the series link, feed it along side the other wire, and use that. Then there's 4 conductor wires - where each coil can be addressed in the humbucker, by itself. This allows a veritable candy-store of options for the pickup switching. |